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TEST APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES Soil Testing Techniques
1. Specimen Prepration Methods 1.1. Comparison of different preparation methods in sands Tatsuoka, F., Ochi, K., Fujii, S. and Okamoto, M. (1986): Cyclic undrained triaxial and torsional shear strength of sands for different sample preparation methods, Soils and Foundations, 26(3), 23-41. [see PDF in J-Stage website; open access] 1.2. Saturation by double vacuum method Ampadu, S.K. and Tatsuoka, F. (1993): Effect of setting method on the bahaviour of clays in triaxial compression from saturation to undrained shear, Soils and Foundations, 33(2), 14-34. [see PDF in J-Stage website; open access] 2. Measurement in Laboratory Tests 2.1. Geophysical measurements of soil stiffness Bender elements Dyvik, R. and C. Madhus (1985): Lab. measurements of Gmax using bender elements, Advances in the Art of Testing Soils under Cyclic Conditions, ASCE Annual Convention, Detroit, MI. Proceedings, 186-192. [Link to external page] Fioravante, V. (2000): Anisotropy of small strain stiffness of Ticino and Kenya sands from seismic wave propagation measured in triaxial testing, Soils and Foundations, 40(4), 129-142. [see PDF in J-Stage website; open access] [see also International Collaborative Research page on bender elements]   (clike to enlarge) Disk transducer Suwal, L.P. and Kuwano, R. (2013): Disk shaped piezo-ceramic transducer for P and S wave measurement in a laboratory soil specimen, Soils and Foundations, 53(4), 510-524. [see PDF in ScienceDirect; open access]  (click to enlarge) Trigger and accelerometers Maqbool, S. and Koseki, J. (2011) Improvement and application of a P- wave measurement system for laboratory specimens of sand and gravel, Soils and Foundations, 51(1), 41-52. [see PDF in J-Stage website; open access]  (click to enlarge) 2.2. Static measurements of specimen deformation 2.2.1. Axial local displacement measurement Inclinometer Jardine, R. J., Symes, M. J., and Burland, J. B. (1984): The measurement of soil stiffness in the triaxial apparatus, Geotechnique 34(3), 323-340. [see PDF in the journal website] LDT: Local displacement Transducer Goto, S., Tatsuoka, F., Shibuya, S., Kim, Y.S., and Sato, T. (1991): A simple gauge for local strain measurements in laboratory, Soils and Foundations, 31(1), 169-180. [see PDF in J-Stage website; open access]  (click to enlarge) Gap sensor, or inductive proximity transducer Kokusho, T. (1980): Cyclic triaxial test of dynamic soil properties for wide strain range, Soils and Foundations, 20(2), 45-60. [see PDF in J-Stage website; open access] LVDT: Linearly Variable Differential Transformer Cuccovillo, T. and Coop, M.R. (1997): The measurement of local axial strains in triaxial tests using LVDTs, Geotechnique, 47(1), 167-172. [see PDF in the journal website]  (click to enlarge) 2.2.2. Automated volume measurement Electronic balance and differential pressure transuducer Pradhan, T.B.S., Tatsuoka, F. and Molenkamp, F. (1986): Accuracy of automated volume change measurement by means of a differential pressure transducer, Soils and Foundations, 26(4), 150-158. [see PDF in J-Stage website; open access] Pradhan, T.B.S., Tatsuoka, F., Mohri, Y. and Sato, Y. (1989). An automated triaxial testing system using a simple triaxial cell for soils, Soils and Foundations, 29(1), 151-160. [see PDF in J-Stage website; open access]  (click to enlarge) 2.2.3. Optical measurement and image analysis Stereophotogrammetry in triaxial tests Qiao, H., Nakata, Y., Hyodo, M. and Kikkawa, N. (2008): Triaxial compression test for unsaturated sandy soil using image processing technique, 4th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, IS-Atlanta, 529-534.   (click to enlarge) Small-strain measurement in an oedometer cell by PIV Nishimura, S., Iwaki, A., Takashino, S. and Tanaka, H. (2016): Image-based measurement of one-dimensional compressibility in cement-treated soils, Geotechnique, published online ahead of print. [see PDF in the journal website]  (click to enlarge) 2.3. Loading devices and load measurement One
of the most comprehensive paper on the loading devices and load
measurement in general stress-strain-strength testing of soils is that
by Shibuya et al. (2005), presented as keynote lecture at 3rd
International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterial
(IS-Lyon).
Shibuya, S., Koseki, J. and Kawaguchi, T. (2005): Recent developments in deformation and strength testing in geomaterials, 3rd International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, IS-Lyon, 3-26. 2.4. Data acquisition Inter-channel interferrences in A/D module ('cross-talk') [see 1p illustration] Time delay in automated data acquisition [see 1p illustration] 3. Reappraisal of Conventional Tests (Please also see our past collaborative programme here) 3.1. Direct shear test 3.1.1. Influence of opening between the upper and lower boxes Kim, B.-S., Kato, S., Shibuya, S. and Park, S.-W. (2011): Effects of the opening on the shear strength in direct shear box test, 5th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, IS-Seoul, 364-371. 4. Interpreting Advanced (Non-Routine) Tests 4.1. Hollow cylinder apparatus (HCA) 4.1.1. Stresses and strains in HCA Hight, D. W., Gens, A. and Symes, M. J. P. R. (1983): The development of a new hollow cylinder apparatus for investigating the effects of principal stress rotation in soils, Geotechnique, 33(4), 355-384. [see PDF in the journal website] 4.1.2. Design and local instrumentation in HCA Minh, N. A., Nishimura, S., Takahashi, A. and Jardine, R. J. (2011): On the control systems and instrumentation required to investigate the anisotropy of stiff clays and mudrocks through Hollow Cylinder Tests, 5th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, IS-Seoul, 287-294. 5. Multiphysical Testing 5.1. Non-isothermal testing 5.1.1. Thermo-mechanical behaviour of shales Favero, V., Ferrari, A., & Laloui, L. (2016). Thermo-mechanical volume change behaviour of Opalinus Clay. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 90, 15-25. [see PDF in the journal website]  (click to enlarge) 5.1.2. Thermal impact on soil–concrete interfaces Di Donna, A., Ferrari, A., & Laloui, L. (2015). Experimental investigations of the soil–concrete interface: physical mechanisms, cyclic mobilization, and behaviour at different temperatures. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 53(4), 659-672. [see PDF in the journal website]  (click to enlarge) 5.1.3. Thermal cyclic loading of soils Di Donna, A., & Laloui, L. (2015). Response of soil subjected to thermal cyclic loading: experimental and constitutive study. Engineering Geology, 190, 65-76. [see PDF in the journal website]  (click to enlarge) 5.2. Water retention behaviour Ferrari, A., Favero, V., Marschall, P., & Laloui, L. (2014). Experimental analysis of the water retention behaviour of shales. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 72, 61-70. [see PDF in the journal website] Minardi, A., Crisci, E., Ferrari, A., & Laloui, L. (2016). Anisotropic volumetric behaviour of Opalinus clay shale upon suction variation. Géotechnique Letters, 6(2), 144-148. [see PDF in the journal website]  (click to enlarge) 5.3 Under high pressure and low temperature: Special plane strain tests Yoneda, J., Hyodo, M., Yoshimoto, N., Nakata Y., and Kato, A. (2013): Development of High-pressure Low-temperature Plane Strain Testing Apparatus for Methane Hydrate-bearing Sand, Soils and Foundations, 53(5), 774-783. [see PDF in ScienceDirect website; open access]  (click to enlarge) More to come! |
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