MENU
|
|
TEST APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES
Soil Testing
Techniques
TC101
and its members have contributed much to developing innovative
techniques that greatly faciliated soil testing and advanced our
understanding of soil behaviour. This page introduces some of the new
and established testing techniques by referring to published papers
(external links). This list is by no means complete, and we are now
working to expand it. The works below include those by co-workers of
the TC101 members.
|
1. Specimen Prepration Methods
1.1. Comparison of
different preparation methods in sands
Tatsuoka,
F., Ochi, K., Fujii, S. and Okamoto, M. (1986): Cyclic undrained
triaxial and torsional shear strength of sands for different sample
preparation methods, Soils and Foundations, 26(3), 23-41.
[see
PDF in J-Stage website; open access]
1.2.
Saturation by double vacuum method
Ampadu,
S.K. and Tatsuoka, F. (1993): Effect of setting method on the bahaviour
of clays in triaxial compression from saturation to undrained shear,
Soils and Foundations, 33(2), 14-34.
[see
PDF in J-Stage website; open access]
2.
Measurement in Laboratory Tests
2.1. Geophysical measurements of soil stiffness
Bender elements
Dyvik, R. and C. Madhus (1985): Lab. measurements of Gmax using bender
elements, Advances in the Art of Testing Soils under Cyclic Conditions,
ASCE Annual Convention, Detroit, MI. Proceedings, 186-192.
[Link to external page]
Fioravante, V. (2000): Anisotropy of small strain stiffness of Ticino
and Kenya sands from seismic wave propagation measured in triaxial
testing, Soils and Foundations, 40(4), 129-142.
[see
PDF in J-Stage website; open access]
[see also International Collaborative
Research page on bender elements]

(clike to enlarge)
Disk transducer
Suwal, L.P. and Kuwano, R. (2013): Disk shaped piezo-ceramic transducer
for P and S wave measurement in a laboratory soil specimen, Soils and
Foundations, 53(4), 510-524.
[see
PDF in ScienceDirect; open access]

(click to enlarge)
Trigger and accelerometers
Maqbool,
S. and Koseki, J. (2011) Improvement and application of a P- wave
measurement system for laboratory specimens of sand and gravel, Soils
and Foundations, 51(1), 41-52.
[see
PDF in J-Stage website; open access]

(click to enlarge)
2.2. Static measurements of
specimen deformation
2.2.1. Axial local
displacement measurement
Inclinometer
Jardine, R. J., Symes, M. J., and Burland, J. B. (1984): The
measurement of soil stiffness in the triaxial apparatus, Geotechnique
34(3), 323-340.
[see
PDF in the journal website]
LDT: Local displacement
Transducer
Goto,
S., Tatsuoka, F., Shibuya, S., Kim, Y.S., and Sato, T. (1991): A simple
gauge for local strain measurements in laboratory, Soils and
Foundations, 31(1), 169-180.
[see
PDF in J-Stage website; open access]

(click to enlarge)
Gap sensor, or inductive
proximity transducer
Kokusho, T. (1980): Cyclic triaxial test of dynamic soil properties for
wide strain range, Soils and Foundations, 20(2), 45-60.
[see
PDF in J-Stage website; open access]
LVDT: Linearly Variable
Differential Transformer
Cuccovillo, T. and Coop, M.R. (1997): The measurement of local axial
strains in triaxial tests using LVDTs, Geotechnique, 47(1), 167-172.
[see
PDF in the journal website]

(click to enlarge)
2.2.2.
Automated volume measurement
Electronic
balance and differential pressure transuducer
Pradhan,
T.B.S., Tatsuoka, F. and Molenkamp, F. (1986): Accuracy of automated
volume change measurement by means of a differential pressure
transducer, Soils and Foundations, 26(4), 150-158.
[see
PDF in J-Stage website; open access]
Pradhan,
T.B.S., Tatsuoka, F., Mohri, Y. and Sato, Y. (1989). An automated
triaxial testing system using a simple triaxial cell for soils, Soils
and Foundations, 29(1), 151-160.
[see
PDF in J-Stage website; open access]

(click to enlarge)
2.2.3. Optical measurement
and image analysis
Stereophotogrammetry
in triaxial tests
Qiao,
H., Nakata, Y., Hyodo, M. and Kikkawa, N. (2008): Triaxial compression
test for unsaturated sandy soil using image processing technique,
4th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials,
IS-Atlanta, 529-534.

(click to enlarge)
Small-strain measurement
in an oedometer cell by PIV
Nishimura,
S., Iwaki, A., Takashino, S. and Tanaka, H. (2016): Image-based
measurement of one-dimensional compressibility in cement-treated soils, Geotechnique, published online ahead of print.
[see
PDF in the journal website]

(click to enlarge)
2.3. Loading devices and load
measurement
One
of the most comprehensive paper on the loading devices and load
measurement in general stress-strain-strength testing of soils is that
by Shibuya et al. (2005), presented as keynote lecture at 3rd
International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterial
(IS-Lyon).
Shibuya, S., Koseki, J. and Kawaguchi, T. (2005): Recent developments in deformation and strength testing in geomaterials, 3rd International Symposium on Deformation
Characteristics of Geomaterials,
IS-Lyon, 3-26.
2.4. Data acquisition
Inter-channel
interferrences in A/D module ('cross-talk')
[see 1p illustration]
Time delay in automated data acquisition
[see 1p illustration]
3. Reappraisal of Conventional Tests
(Please also see our past collaborative programme here)
3.1. Direct shear test
3.1.1. Influence of opening between the upper and lower boxes
Kim,
B.-S., Kato, S., Shibuya, S. and Park, S.-W. (2011): Effects of the
opening on the shear strength in direct shear box test, 5th
International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials,
IS-Seoul, 364-371.
4. Interpreting Advanced
(Non-Routine) Tests
4.1. Hollow cylinder apparatus (HCA)
4.1.1. Stresses and strains in HCA
Hight,
D. W., Gens, A. and Symes, M. J. P. R. (1983): The development of a new
hollow cylinder apparatus for investigating the effects of principal
stress rotation in soils, Geotechnique, 33(4), 355-384.
[see
PDF in the journal website]
4.1.2. Design and local instrumentation in HCA
Minh,
N. A., Nishimura, S., Takahashi, A. and Jardine, R. J. (2011): On the
control systems and instrumentation required to investigate the
anisotropy of stiff clays and mudrocks through Hollow Cylinder Tests, 5th International Symposium on Deformation
Characteristics of Geomaterials,
IS-Seoul, 287-294.
5. Multiphysical Testing
5.1. Non-isothermal testing
5.1.1. Thermo-mechanical behaviour of shales
Favero, V., Ferrari, A., & Laloui, L. (2016). Thermo-mechanical
volume change behaviour of Opalinus Clay. International Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Mining Sciences 90, 15-25.
[see
PDF in the journal website]

(click to enlarge)
5.1.2. Thermal impact on soil–concrete interfaces
Di Donna, A., Ferrari, A., & Laloui, L. (2015). Experimental
investigations of the soil–concrete interface: physical mechanisms,
cyclic mobilization, and behaviour at different temperatures. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, 53(4), 659-672.
[see
PDF in the journal website]

(click to enlarge)
5.1.3. Thermal cyclic loading of soils
Di Donna, A., & Laloui, L. (2015). Response of soil subjected to
thermal cyclic loading: experimental and constitutive study.
Engineering Geology, 190, 65-76.
[see
PDF in the journal website]

(click to enlarge)
5.2. Water retention behaviour
Ferrari,
A., Favero, V., Marschall, P., & Laloui, L. (2014). Experimental analysis of the water
retention behaviour of shales. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and
Mining Sciences, 72, 61-70.
[see
PDF in the journal website]
Minardi, A., Crisci, E., Ferrari, A., & Laloui, L. (2016).
Anisotropic volumetric behaviour of Opalinus clay shale upon suction
variation. Géotechnique Letters, 6(2), 144-148.
[see
PDF in the journal website]

(click to enlarge)
5.3 Under high pressure
and low temperature: Special plane strain tests
Yoneda, J., Hyodo, M., Yoshimoto, N., Nakata Y., and Kato, A. (2013):
Development of High-pressure Low-temperature Plane Strain Testing
Apparatus for Methane Hydrate-bearing Sand, Soils and Foundations,
53(5), 774-783.
[see
PDF in ScienceDirect website; open access]

(click to enlarge)
More to come!
|